G.B.Schaffer, S.H.Huo, J.Drennan and G.Auchterlonie, "The Effect of Trace Elements on the Sintering of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy" Acta Materialia, 49 (2001) pp 2671-2678

Trace elements can have a significant effect on the processing and properties of aluminium alloys, including sintered alloys. As little as 0.07wt% (100 ppm) lead, tin or indium promotes sintering in an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy produced from mixed elemental powders. This is a liquid phase sintering system and thin liquid films form uniformly throughout the alloy in the presence of the trace elements but liquid pools develop in their absence. Analytical transmission electron microscopy indicates that the trace elements are confined to the interparticle and grain boundary regions. The sintering enhancement is attributed to the segregation of the microalloying addition to the liquid-vapour interface. Because the microalloying elements have a low surface tension, they lower the effective surface tension of the liquid. This reduces the wetting angle and extends the spreading of the liquid through the matrix. An improvement in sintering results.

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